The Intersection of Citizenship and Freedom of Religion: Legal Challenges in a Multicultural Society

Authors

  • Syahrial Arif Hutagalung Politeknik Negeri Medan Author
  • Yessi Kurnia Arjani Manik Politeknik Negeri Medan Author
  • Maulana Akhyar Hanif Universitas Madinah Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70489/ccva9577

Keywords:

Citizenship, Freedom of Religion, Religious Minorities, Normative Law, Discrimination, Indonesia

Abstract

This study investigates the correlation between citizenship status and religious freedom within Indonesia's multicultural society, emphasizing the legal obstacles encountered by religious minority groups.  The methodology employed is a normative-doctrinal legal approach, analyzing several national legal instruments, Constitutional Court rulings, and literature on legal and human rights.  The research findings indicate a discrepancy between constitutional provisions that ensure religious freedom and prevailing legal practices that are often discriminatory.  For instance, restrictions persist that restrict access to civil registry and marriage for followers of faiths beyond the six recognized religions.  Furthermore, the legal status of groups like Ahmadiyah and practitioners of indigenous traditions signifies a de facto exclusion from citizenship.  The findings suggest that the Indonesian legal system has not yet adequately ensured the concept of non-discrimination within the context of an inclusive rule of law.  This research advocates for the enhancement of the alignment between positive legal norms and constitutional ideals, as well as the facilitation of additional studies utilizing comparative and empirical methodologies to advance equitable legal protection for minority groups.

References

Abbas, M. (2023). SOSIOLOGI HUKUM : Pengantar Teori-Teori Hukum dalam Ruang Sosial. Jakarta: Sonpedia Publishing.

Bahri, R. A. (2024). MENGUJI VALIDITAS TEORI LUHMANN DALAM KONTEKS GLOBAL THE DYNAMICS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY : 1, 44–53.

David tan. (2021). Metode penelitian Hukum: Mengupas Dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan penelitian Hukum. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(5), 1332–1336. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/490668614.pdf

Hutagalung, S. A., Murizal, I., Isnani, R., & Saragih, F. (2023). Productive Waqf : Solutions for Strengthening the Ummah ’ s Economy and Social Empowerment. 1(3), 10–17.

Institute, S. (2022). SIARAN PERS KONDISI KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA/BERKEYAKINAN (KBB) 2022.

Isharyanto. (2017). Hukum Internasional dalam Pusaran Politik dan Kekuasaan. Ciputat: Pustakapedia.

Kahmad, D. (2017). Wawasan Agama Madani. Bandung: Majelis Pustaka Dan …, 1–117. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/327165356.pdf

KOMNASHAM. (2022). Capaian, TanTanGan & Optimisme melanjuTkan langkah dalam pemajuan & penegakan HAM. Jakarta.

Misrah, Nurcahaya, Ismail, & Hutagalung, S. A. (2024). From Classroom to Ideological Space: The Formation of Radicalism in the Academic Environment. 23(3).

Moleong. (2011). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Rosda.

Risdiarto, D. (2017). Perlindungan Terhadap Kelompok Minoritas Di Indonesia Dalam. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 6(1), 125–142. Retrieved from http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt574e8e59757a1/ini-catatan-komnas-ham-terhadap-

Rustam, H. L., & Putri, L. S. (2023). Kewarganegaraan Inklusif: Menempatkan Model Budaya Disabilitas Dalam Teori Multikultural Liberal Will Kymlicka. Jurnal Lintas Budaya, 2(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.7454/multikultura.v2i4.1054

Santoso, H. E. (2024). Moderasi Beragama dan Hak Asasi Manusia ( HAM ): Analisis Peran Agama dalam Memperkuat Toleransi dan Kesetaraan untuk memperkuat toleransi dan kesetaraan , kenyataannya adalah. IN RIGHT : Jurnal Agama Dan Hak Azazi Manusia, 13(1).

Suhady, I. (2006). Kegiatan Penelitian/Kajian Untuk Pengembangan Sistem Administrasi Negara. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi, 3(2), 149–159.

Sukmana, S., Susilawati, T., Chairijah, Ari, W., & Heriyanto, B. (2016). ESSENSI PLURALISME HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF SISTEM HUKUM DUNIA. 10(September), 1–23.

Tangkas, R. L., & Pakpahan, G. K. R. (2024). Merawat Harmoni : Prinsip Deliberatif Jurgen Habermas sebagai Pilar Penghormatan Keberagaman di Indonesia. 6(1), 63–76.

Wijayanto, E. (2023). Konvergensi Politik Hukum, Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Pancasila Terhadap Perkawinan Beda Agama Di Indonesia. Wicarana, 2(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.57123/wicarana.v2i1.31

Winda Roselina Effendi. (2018). Konsepsi Kewarganegaraan Dalam Perspektif Tradisi LiberalDan Republikan. Jurnal Trias Politika, 2(1), 55–62.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-21

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

The Intersection of Citizenship and Freedom of Religion: Legal Challenges in a Multicultural Society . (2025). Cakrawala: Journal of Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.70489/ccva9577